PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine whether bisphosphonates are internalised by Dictyostelium amoebae and whether cellular uptake is required for their growth-inhibitory effects. Bisphosphonates inhibit growth of amoebae of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, by mechanisms that appear to be similar to those that cause inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. METHODS: Cell-free extracts prepared from amoebae that had been incubated with bisphosphonates were analysed by 31P-n.m.r, spectroscopy or ion-exchange f.p.l.c., to identify the presence of bisphosphonates or bisphosphonate metabolites respectively. The growth-inhibitory effect of bisphosphonates towards Dictyostelium amoebae was also examined under conditions in which pinocytosis was inhibited. RESULTS: All of the bisphosphonates studied were internalised by Dictyostelium amoebae, probably by fluid-phase pinocytosis, and could be detected in cell-free extracts. Amoebae that were prevented from internalising bisphosphonates by pinocytosis were markedly resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of these compounds. In addition, bisphosphonates encapsulated within liposomes were more potent growth inhibitors of Dictyostelium owing to enhanced intracellular delivery of bisphosphonates. CONCLUSIONS: All bisphosphonates inhibit Dictyostelium growth by intracellular mechanisms following internalisation of bisphosphonates by fluid-phase pinocytosis. It is therefore likely that bisphosphonates also affect osteoclasts by interacting with intracellular, rather than extracellular, processes.
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine whether bisphosphonates are internalised by Dictyostelium amoebae and whether cellular uptake is required for their growth-inhibitory effects. Bisphosphonates inhibit growth of amoebae of the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, by mechanisms that appear to be similar to those that cause inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. METHODS: Cell-free extracts prepared from amoebae that had been incubated with bisphosphonates were analysed by 31P-n.m.r, spectroscopy or ion-exchange f.p.l.c., to identify the presence of bisphosphonates or bisphosphonate metabolites respectively. The growth-inhibitory effect of bisphosphonates towards Dictyostelium amoebae was also examined under conditions in which pinocytosis was inhibited. RESULTS: All of the bisphosphonates studied were internalised by Dictyostelium amoebae, probably by fluid-phase pinocytosis, and could be detected in cell-free extracts. Amoebae that were prevented from internalising bisphosphonates by pinocytosis were markedly resistant to the growth-inhibitory effects of these compounds. In addition, bisphosphonates encapsulated within liposomes were more potent growth inhibitors of Dictyostelium owing to enhanced intracellular delivery of bisphosphonates. CONCLUSIONS: All bisphosphonates inhibit Dictyostelium growth by intracellular mechanisms following internalisation of bisphosphonates by fluid-phase pinocytosis. It is therefore likely that bisphosphonates also affect osteoclasts by interacting with intracellular, rather than extracellular, processes.
Authors: M J Rogers; D J Watts; R G Russell; X Ji; X Xiong; G M Blackburn; A V Bayless; F H Ebetino Journal: J Bone Miner Res Date: 1994-07 Impact factor: 6.741
Authors: J E Fisher; M J Rogers; J M Halasy; S P Luckman; D E Hughes; P J Masarachia; G Wesolowski; R G Russell; G A Rodan; A A Reszka Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 1999-01-05 Impact factor: 11.205