Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia.

Many benefits can be obtained from the use of drugs applied locally or regionally when treating dogs and cats that are in pain or will be in pain because of surgical trauma. These techniques often use less medication than for systemic administration with a reduction in the likelihood of toxic effects from these compounds. Complete relief of pain can be achieved by blocking nerves originating from the site of injury by using local anesthetics, but this may entail loss of all sensation and motor paralysis. Other drugs, such as the opioids, may decrease the nociceptive input with minimal effect on motor activity. This report discusses the use of local anesthetics and other drugs for analgesia of the skin, mucous membranes, joints, pleura, and peritoneum, and the application of these drugs for regional blocks of peripheral nerves and epidural/intrathecal injection.