Defective export in Escherichia coli caused by DsbA'-PhoA hybrid proteins whose DsbA' domain cannot fold into a conformation resistant to periplasmic proteases.

The disulfide bond-forming factor DsbA and the alkaline phosphatase are stable in the Escherichia coli periplasmic space and can be overproduced without significant perturbation of the cell's physiology. By contrast, DsbA'-PhoA hybrid proteins resulting from TnphoA insertions into different regions of a plasmid-borne dsbA gene could become toxic (lethal) to bacteria. Toxicity was concomitant with an impairment of some step of the export mechanism and depended on at least three parameters, i.e., (i) the rate of expression of the hybrid protein, (ii) the ability of the amino-terminal DsbA' domain of the hybrid protein to fold into a protease-resistant conformation in the periplasmic space, and (iii) the activity of the DegP periplasmic protease. Even under viable conditions of low expression, DsbA' folding-deficient hybrid proteins accumulated more than the folding-proficient ones in the insoluble material and this was aggravated in a strain lacking the DegP protease. When production was more elevated, the folding-deficient hybrid proteins became lethal, but only in strains lacking the DegP activity, while the folding-proficient ones were not. Under conditions of very high production by degP+ or degP strains, both types of hybrid proteins accumulated as insoluble preproteins. Meanwhile, the export machinery was dramatically handicapped and the cells lost viability. However, the folding-deficient hybrid proteins had a higher killing efficiency than the folding-proficient ones. Free DsbA'-truncated polypeptides, although not toxic, were processed more slowly when they could not fold into a protease-resistant form in the periplasmic space. This provides indications in E. coli for a direct or indirect influence of the folding of a protein in the periplasmic environment on export efficiency.