Classification and reconstructive options in foot plantar skin avulsion injuries.

Between 1989 and 1994, 28 patients who had plantar avulsion injuries were treated. Patient ages averaged 30 years (range 7 to 62 years). Length of follow-up averaged 20 months. Five patients (18 percent) were classified as having suprafascial avulsions, where the shearing plane was limited to the superficial subcutaneous layer, leaving the deeper subcutaneous fat. Twenty-three patients (82 percent) were classified as having subfascial avulsions, where the stripping force extended deep into the plantar aponeurosis. For the suprafascial avulsions, defatting these flaps and replacing them with full-thickness skin grafts was the treatment of choice. For the subfascial group, the avulsions with proximally based flaps (4 patients) that were well nourished by mediolaterally orientated neurovascular bundles could be treated by sewing the avulsed flaps tension-free back to their former positions. For the subfascial group with distally based flaps (19 patients), the avulsed flaps were supplied by anteroposteriorly orientated vascular plexuses that were compromised. Primary revascularization of the soft tissue should be considered whenever possible. Among them, 10 patients attempted microvascular salvage. Only 3 patients succeeded with revascularization. In the remaining 16 patients, the avulsed flaps went on to partial or complete necrosis, and these required secondary reconstruction with free muscle flaps for heel defects.