Neural crest-like cells originate from the spinal cord during tail regeneration in adult amphibian urodeles.

Using in vitro cell-marking experiments and transplantation in tail regenerates, we have recently shown (Benraiss et al., 1996) that clonal cells derived from adult newt spinal cord (SC) cultures could find suitable cues in blastemal mesenchyme to enable them to differentiate into melanocytes or Schwann cells. This led to the question of whether neural crest-like cell derivatives might emerge from the ependymal tube as tail regeneration proceeded. To address this question we used the biolistic method for in situ transfection of caudal SC cells. These cells were transfected with an alkaline phosphatase marker gene. The potentialities of transfected cell derivatives in tail regenerates were analyzed using histochemistry or immunohistochemistry. As early as eight days after transfection, labeled cells were detected in the regenerating SC and around its "terminal vesicle" (TV). Two to four weeks following transfection, most of the labeled cell derivatives could be identified either by dark granules as melanocytes or by galactocerebroside staining as Schwann cells. Electron microscopic investigations revealed the incompletely organized cytoarchitecture of the TV, suggesting that an exit of cells was possible at this level, at least from its "open" dorsal part. Furthermore, the localization of ciliated cells in the blastemal mesenchyme, especially around the TV, supported this view by suggesting that they might be ependymal cells detached from it. Our findings therefore led us to believe that in the newt, during tail regeneration, neural crest-like cells emerging from the TV could participate in the formation of the peripheral nervous system, especially by providing Schwann cells and melanocytes.