Effect of nebulizer type and antibiotic concentration on device performance.

We compared the performance of selected ultrasonic and jet nebulizers when aerosolizing several antibiotic formulations to determine optimum combinations for delivery of a respirable antibiotic aerosol. Three ultrasonic devices were tested: the UltraNeb 99/100, the UltraAIR and the Aerosonic. The reusable jet nebulizers were the Dura ProNeb, Pari-LL and the Sidestream. The six disposable jet nebulizers were Marquest Acorn II, Hudson T Updraft II, Baxter MistyNeb, Pari-LC, Pari IS-2, and a disposable Sidestream. Each jet was tested with four compressors: a DeVilbiss AP-50, a Pulmo-Aide, a DuraNeb and a PariMaster. All nebulizing systems were initially tested with normal saline. From the initial data, six jet nebulizers and one ultrasonic device were tested with varying concentrations of tobramycin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Output was assessed by measuring volume (milliliters per minute), and amount of drug (milligrams per minute) nebulized. We then measured mean particle size of the antibiotic aerosol with seven jet nebulizers and two different compressors, Pulmo-Aide and PariMaster, and two ultrasonic devices. The rate of nebulization of saline and antibiotic solutions (milliliters per minute) was greater with the ultrasonic device(s) than all jet nebulizer systems tested. Increasing the reservoir antibiotic concentration increased the drug output (milligrams per minute) with the jet nebulizers to a maximum, followed by decreasing output. When antibiotic concentrations were increased the output decreased more precipitously with the ultrasonic devices than with the jet nebulizers. At the highest antibiotic concentrations tested, the ultrasonic devices had the lowest output. Particle size distribution was most dependent on the specific jet device, with particle size distribution less affected by a specific antibiotic or its concentration. Higher reservoir concentrations can be utilized for increasing output of respirable antibiotic aerosols by jet nebulizers. We conclude that antibiotic output is dependent upon both the nebulizing system and the reservoir concentration of antibiotic.