Tissue expansion in the upper extremities.

In this article, the authors demonstrate current concepts of soft-tissue reconstruction using tissue expansion principles. History, pathophysiology, and biomechanics of tissue expansion are reviewed. Anatomic areas of expander use in the upper extremity have been delineated, as well as new concepts of nerve and arterial elongation using intraoperative expansion techniques. The authors outline their current technique of upper extremity tissue expansion in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings, allowing the reader to appreciate the technique of tissue expansion and its role in soft-tissue reconstruction of the upper extremity.