Excitability changes in human cutaneous afferents induced by prolonged repetitive axonal activity.

1. The present study was undertaken to document the excitability changes produced by prolonged high-frequency trains of impulses in cutaneous afferents of six human subjects. 2. Trains of supramaximal stimuli at 200 Hz for 2 min or less produced a prolonged depression in excitability, consistent with activation of the electrogenic Na+-K+ pump. Trains of longer duration resulted in an initial period of hyperexcitability which, with 10 min trains, was associated with the sensation of paraesthesiae in all subjects. This transient hyperexcitability gradually gave way to a long-lasting period of hypoexcitability. 3. The excitability changes were reproducible, and were accompanied by corresponding changes in supernormality, refractoriness, strength-duration time constant and rheobase current, suggesting that the changes in axonal excitability reflected a change in membrane potential. 4. The transient increase in excitability that follows tetanic trains of 10 min had qualitatively similar effects on cutaneous axons as ischaemia or application of a depolarizing current. The post-tetanic changes in the supernormal period of sensory axons were those expected from the changes in excitability, without evidence of a gross distortion in its time course, as has been previously demonstrated in a hyperstimulated human motor axon. 5. It is concluded that the post-tetanic hyperexcitability of human sensory axons is probably driven by increased K+ accumulation in the restricted diffusion space under the myelin sheath, much as in motor axons, the differences in behaviour of sensory and motor axons being explicable by greater inward rectification in sensory axons.