Expression of neutral sphingomyelinase identifies a distinct pool of sphingomyelin involved in apoptosis.

The activation of sphingomyelinase and generation of ceramide have been implicated as important regulatory pathways in cell growth and apoptosis. Bacterial sphingomyelinase has been used in many cell systems to mimic the activation of endogenous sphingomyelinase. These studies, however, have been complicated by the inability of exogenously applied bacterial sphingomyelinase to perform many of the effects of short chain cell permeable ceramides, indicating that there may be a distinct signal transducing pool of sphingomyelin not accessible to exogenous sphingomyelinase or that endogenous ceramide is not sufficient to induce these changes. We cloned the Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase gene by polymerase chain reaction and subcloned it into a mammalian expression vector under the control of an inducible promoter. Upon stable transfection and induction of B. cereus sphingomyelinase, there were increases in neutral sphingomyelinase activity, cellular ceramide levels, cleavage of the death substrate poly(ADP-ribosyl)polymerase, and cell death. In contrast, exogenously applied B. cereus sphingomyelinase, despite causing higher elevations in ceramide levels, was unable to induce poly(ADP-ribosyl)polymerase cleavage or cell death. These results support the existence of a signal transducing pool of sphingomyelin that is distinct from the pool accessible to exogenous sphingomyelinase.