PURPOSE AND METHOD: A hospital based case-control study was designed to investigate what aspects of smoking and what co-factors of smoking are associated with the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Cases were 291 smokers, newly referred with PAD, and controls were 828 age and sex matched smokers without PAD. RESULTS: Reported recent tobacco usage was similar in cases and controls but total tobacco exposure was associated with the risk of PAD-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) increasing with tertile of pack-years smoked to reach 1.63 (95% CI, 1.11-2.39; P = 0.011), for the highest tertile ( > 48 pack-years) compared with smokers in the lowest tertile (< 31 pack-years). Cases reported smoking significantly lower tar and nicotine yield cigarettes than controls, but tended to inhale more deeply, and had significantly higher plasma concentrations of cotinine. ORs for PAD were significantly and independently increased by systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg (8.1 (5.2 13.0); P < 0.0001), history of hypertension (2.4 (1.5-3.2); P = 0.0003) and apolipoprotein B > 0.9 g/l(3.8 (2.3-7.6); P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Increased total exposure to tobacco and the ability to smoke tobacco in a way which maximises nicotine yield are associated with increased risk of smokers developing PAD. There is no evidence that smoking low tar cigarettes reduces this risk, whereas both hypertension (particularly systolic) and high levels of apolipoprotein B, increase this risk.
PURPOSE AND METHOD: A hospital based case-control study was designed to investigate what aspects of smoking and what co-factors of smoking are associated with the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Cases were 291 smokers, newly referred with PAD, and controls were 828 age and sex matched smokers without PAD. RESULTS: Reported recent tobacco usage was similar in cases and controls but total tobacco exposure was associated with the risk of PAD-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) increasing with tertile of pack-years smoked to reach 1.63 (95% CI, 1.11-2.39; P = 0.011), for the highest tertile ( > 48 pack-years) compared with smokers in the lowest tertile (< 31 pack-years). Cases reported smoking significantly lower tar and nicotine yield cigarettes than controls, but tended to inhale more deeply, and had significantly higher plasma concentrations of cotinine. ORs for PAD were significantly and independently increased by systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg (8.1 (5.2 13.0); P < 0.0001), history of hypertension (2.4 (1.5-3.2); P = 0.0003) and apolipoprotein B > 0.9 g/l(3.8 (2.3-7.6); P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Increased total exposure to tobacco and the ability to smoke tobacco in a way which maximises nicotine yield are associated with increased risk of smokers developing PAD. There is no evidence that smoking low tar cigarettes reduces this risk, whereas both hypertension (particularly systolic) and high levels of apolipoprotein B, increase this risk.
Authors: Thorgeir E Thorgeirsson; Frank Geller; Patrick Sulem; Thorunn Rafnar; Anna Wiste; Kristinn P Magnusson; Andrei Manolescu; Gudmar Thorleifsson; Hreinn Stefansson; Andres Ingason; Simon N Stacey; Jon T Bergthorsson; Steinunn Thorlacius; Julius Gudmundsson; Thorlakur Jonsson; Margret Jakobsdottir; Jona Saemundsdottir; Olof Olafsdottir; Larus J Gudmundsson; Gyda Bjornsdottir; Kristleifur Kristjansson; Halla Skuladottir; Helgi J Isaksson; Tomas Gudbjartsson; Gregory T Jones; Thomas Mueller; Anders Gottsäter; Andrea Flex; Katja K H Aben; Femmie de Vegt; Peter F A Mulders; Dolores Isla; Maria J Vidal; Laura Asin; Berta Saez; Laura Murillo; Thorsteinn Blondal; Halldor Kolbeinsson; Jon G Stefansson; Ingunn Hansdottir; Valgerdur Runarsdottir; Roberto Pola; Bengt Lindblad; Andre M van Rij; Benjamin Dieplinger; Meinhard Haltmayer; Jose I Mayordomo; Lambertus A Kiemeney; Stefan E Matthiasson; Hogni Oskarsson; Thorarinn Tyrfingsson; Daniel F Gudbjartsson; Jeffrey R Gulcher; Steinn Jonsson; Unnur Thorsteinsdottir; Augustine Kong; Kari Stefansson Journal: Nature Date: 2008-04-03 Impact factor: 49.962
Authors: Zsombor Tóth-Vajna; Gergely Tóth-Vajna; Zsuzsanna Gombos; Brigitta Szilágyi; Zoltán Járai; Márton Berczeli; Péter Sótonyi Journal: Vasc Health Risk Manag Date: 2019-08-20