Synaptic inputs mediating bipolar cell responses in the tiger salamander retina.

Postsynaptic receptors in bipolar cells were studied by focal application of glutamate and GABA to the outer and inner plexiform layers (OPL and IPL) under visual guidance in living retinal slices of the tiger salamander. Two different types of conductance change could be elicited in bipolar cells by applying glutamate to the OPL. In off-center cells, which had axon telodendria ramifying in the distal 55% of the IPL, glutamate elicited a conductance increase associated with a reversal potential near -5 mV. In on-center cells, which had telodendria stratified in the proximal 45% of the IPL, glutamate caused a conductance decrease associated with a reversal potential near -11 mV. These observations suggest that glutamate gates relatively nonspecific cation channels at synapses between photoreceptors and bipolar cell dendrites. Application of glutamate to the IPL elicited no conductance change in Co2+ Ringer's solution, but in normal Ringer's it generated a conductance increase associated with a reversal potential near the chloride equilibrium potential (ECl). These findings are consistent with the notion that glutamate receptors exist in GABAergic and/or glycinergic amacrine cells, and that glutamate in the IPL depolarizes these cells, causing GABA and/or glycine release and the opening of chloride channels in bipolar cell axon terminals. In Co2+ Ringer's, application of GABA at the OPL elicited no conductance changes in bipolar cells, suggesting that GABA receptors do not exist on bipolar cell dendrites. Applied at the IPL, GABA elicited large conductance increases associated with a reversal potential near ECl. Implications of these results for the functional circuitry of the tiger salamander retina are discussed.