Time-resolved spectroscopy of the early photolysis intermediates of rhodopsin Schiff base counterion mutants.

Time-resolved absorption difference spectra of COS-cell expressed rhodopsin and rhodopsin mutants (E113D, E113A/A117E, and G90D), solubilized in detergent, were collected from 20 ns to 510 ms after laser photolysis with 7 ns pulses (lambda(max) = 477 nm). The data were analyzed using a global exponential fitting procedure following singular value decomposition (SVD). Over the entire time range excellent agreement was achieved between results for COS-cell and rod outer segment rhodopsin both in kinetics and in the lambda(max) values of the intermediates. The Schiff base counterion mutant E113D showed strong similarities to rhodopsin up to lumi, following the established scheme: batho <==> bsi --> lumi. Including late delay times (past 1 micros), the mutant E113D lumi decayed to metarhodopsin II (MII), showing that the detergent strongly favors MII over metarhodopsin I (MI). However, a back-reaction from MII to lumi was observed that was not seen for rhodopsin. The kinetic schemes for the mutants E113A/A117E and G90D were significantly different from that of rhodopsin. In both mutants batho decay into an equilibrium with bsi was too fast to resolve (<20 ns). The batho/bsi mixtures decayed with the following reaction scheme: batho/bsi <==> lumi <==> MI-like <==> MII-like. However, the back-reaction from MI-like to lumi was not seen in G90D. MI-like spectral intermediates absorbing around 460 nm appeared in both mutants. They have been shown to be the transducin-activating species (R*). These data, interpreted in the context of previous NMR, FTIR, and Raman data, are consistent with a picture in which the kinetics of batho decay is dependent on a protein-induced perturbation near C12-C13 of the retinal chromophore. The lambda(max) values of the bsi and lumi intermediates in the mutant pigments are interpreted in terms of movement of the Schiff base relative to its counterion.