The TNF-ligand and receptor superfamilies: controllers of immunity and the Trojan horses of autoimmune disease?

This review is concerned with the tumour necrosis factor receptor and ligand superfamilies, with particular reference to their roles in the immunopathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The tumour necrosis factor receptor and ligand superfamilies are well characterized as the molecular controllers of the immune system, acting as 'judges', 'juries', and, where necessary, 'executioners' to determine the fate of immune cells during development, proliferation and differentiation. However, these molecules exert extreme immunopathological effects when unregulated, or dysfunctional. The importance of these molecules in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity is now apparent, and has been considered in detail. Finally, specific consideration has been given to their clinical significance and potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.