Functional human CFTR produced by stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines derived using yeast artificial chromosomes.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) encodes a transmembrane protein (CFTR) which functions in part as a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride channel. CFTR expression is controlled temporally and cell specifically by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Insight into CFTR regulation could be facilitated by the successful introduction of the entire 230 kb human CFTR and adjacent sequences into mammalian cells. To this end, we have introduced two different CFTR-containing yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) (320 and 620 kb) into Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO) cells. Clonal cell lines containing human CFTR were identified by PCR, and the genetic and functional analyses of one clone containing each YAC are described. Integration of the human CFTR-containing YACs into the CHO genome at a unique site in each cell line was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Southern blot analysis suggested that on the order of one copy of human CFTR was integrated per CHO cell genome. Fiber-FISH and restriction analysis suggested that CFTR remained grossly intact. Northern analysis showed full-length, human CFTR mRNA. Immunoprecipitation followed by phosphorylation with protein kinase demonstrated mature, glycosylated CFTR. Finally, chloride secretion in response to cAMP indicated the functional nature of the human CFTR. This study provides several novel results including: (i) functional human CFTR can be expressed from these YACs; (ii) CHO cells are a permissive environment for expression of human CFTR; (iii) the level of human CFTR expression in CHO cells is unexpectedly high given the lack of endogenous CFTR production; and (iv) the suggestion by Fiber-FISH of CFTR integrity correlates with functional gene expression. These YACs and the cell lines derived from them should be useful tools for the study of CFTR expression.