Ultrasonography gives directly but noninvasively elastic characteristic of human tendon in vivo.

To obtain an insight into tendon elasticity during human movement, a real-time ultrasonography was applied to the contracting tibialis anterior muscle. The insertion point of fascicles onto the aponeurosis was clearly visualized, and its position relative to a fixed marker on the skin moved proximally (delta 1) according to the increasing dorsiflexion force (delta F) with a fixed ankle joint. Notably, the delta 1-delta F relationship in the tendon was found to be quadratic in nature (delta F = c delta 1(2); c = 1.48-2.24, r = 0.985-0.992, n = 9) as has been reported in the isolated tendon, although the delta F-delta 1 curves were slightly underestimated in comparison with the stiffness constant estimated from tendon architecture. This underestimation might be caused by changes in the height of the foot arch with the application of force.