Abrogation of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor stimulates embryonic mouse lung branching morphogenesis in culture.

TGF-beta1 is a known inhibitor of branching morphogenesis when added exogenously to mouse embryonic lungs in culture. However, the issue of whether endogenous TGF-beta signaling has a function in the process of lung organogenesis is not completely resolved. We utilized immunoperturbation and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibitory strategies to abrogate TGF-beta type II receptor function in embryonic mouse lungs undergoing branching morphogenesis in serumless explant culture. Antisera directed against a TGF-beta type II receptor N-terminal peptide that perturbs TGF-beta ligand-receptor binding increased branching by 70%. Similarly, antisense TGF-beta type II receptor oligodeoxynucleotides (40 microM) resulted in a 58% increase in branching, compared to scrambled and mismatched sequence controls, while TGF-beta, type II receptor mRNA and its protein expression levels were suppressed by 95 and 84%, respectively. Addition of exogenous TGF-beta1 did not overcome the stimulatory effects either of TGF-beta type II receptor immunoperturbation or of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment on lung branching morphogenesis. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, both TGF-beta type II receptor mRNA and protein were localized to the epithelium lining the developing airways, and to the surrounding mesenchyme, indicating that TGF-beta type II receptor is an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Exogenous TGF-beta1 decreased cyclin A mRNA levels in control embryonic lung explants, while TGF-beta type II receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides prevented the downregulation of cyclin A mRNA expression by exogenous TGF-beta1. In addition, PCNA immunostaining of the primitive bronchial epithelium was increased in the presence of TGF-beta type II receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides either alone or together with exogenous TGF-beta1, whereas TGF-beta1 alone decreased PCNA staining. Thus, abrogation of TGF-beta type II receptor expression prevented TGF-beta1-induced epithelial cell G1 arrest. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that abrogation of the TGF-beta type II receptor stimulates embryonic lung organogenesis in culture and reverses the negative influence of endogenous TGF-beta signaling upon epithelial cell cycle progression.