OBJECTIVE: This study sought to reassess the relationship between cigarette smoking and education. METHODS: Data from the 1983 to 1991 National Health Interview Survey for participants aged 25 years and older were used to plot the prevalence of current smoking, ever smoking, heavy smoking, and smoking cessation, as well as the adjusted log odds ratios, by years of education. RESULTS: The "less than high school graduate" category consisted of two groups with distinct smoking patterns: persons with 0 to 8 years and persons with 9 to 11 years of education. The latter were the most likely to be current, ever, and heavy smokers and the least likely to have quit smoking, whereas the former were similar to persons having 12 years of education. After 11 years of education, the likelihood of smoking decreased and that of smoking cessation increased with each successive year of education. These results persisted after the statistical adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty status, employment status, marital status, geographic region, and year of survey. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between smoking and education is not monotonic. Thus, when evaluating smoking in relation to education, researchers should categorize years of education as follows: 0 to 8, 9 to 11, 12, 13 to 15, and 16 or more years.
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to reassess the relationship between cigarette smoking and education. METHODS: Data from the 1983 to 1991 National Health Interview Survey for participants aged 25 years and older were used to plot the prevalence of current smoking, ever smoking, heavy smoking, and smoking cessation, as well as the adjusted log odds ratios, by years of education. RESULTS: The "less than high school graduate" category consisted of two groups with distinct smoking patterns: persons with 0 to 8 years and persons with 9 to 11 years of education. The latter were the most likely to be current, ever, and heavy smokers and the least likely to have quit smoking, whereas the former were similar to persons having 12 years of education. After 11 years of education, the likelihood of smoking decreased and that of smoking cessation increased with each successive year of education. These results persisted after the statistical adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty status, employment status, marital status, geographic region, and year of survey. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between smoking and education is not monotonic. Thus, when evaluating smoking in relation to education, researchers should categorize years of education as follows: 0 to 8, 9 to 11, 12, 13 to 15, and 16 or more years.
Authors: A Feinberg; P M Lopez; K Wyka; N Islam; L Seidl; E Drackett; A Mata; J Pinzon; M R Baker; J Lopez; C Trinh-Shevrin; D Shelley; Z Bailey; K A Maybank; L E Thorpe Journal: J Urban Health Date: 2017-08 Impact factor: 3.671
Authors: Melissa A Little; Robert C Klesges; Zoran Bursac; Jennifer P Halbert; Jon Ebbert; Gerald W Talcott; Benny Weksler Journal: J Cancer Surviv Date: 2018-10-20 Impact factor: 4.442
Authors: Carla J Berg; Eric J Nehl; Frank Y Wong; Na He; Z Jennifer Huang; Jasjit S Ahluwalia; Tony Zheng Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2010-11-08 Impact factor: 4.244
Authors: David I Conway; Darren R Brenner; Alex D McMahon; Lorna M D Macpherson; Antonio Agudo; Wolfgang Ahrens; Cristina Bosetti; Hermann Brenner; Xavier Castellsague; Chu Chen; Maria Paula Curado; Otávio A Curioni; Luigino Dal Maso; Alexander W Daudt; José F de Gois Filho; Gypsyamber D'Souza; Valeria Edefonti; Eleonora Fabianova; Leticia Fernandez; Silvia Franceschi; Maura Gillison; Richard B Hayes; Claire M Healy; Rolando Herrero; Ivana Holcatova; Vijayvel Jayaprakash; Karl Kelsey; Kristina Kjaerheim; Sergio Koifman; Carlo La Vecchia; Pagona Lagiou; Philip Lazarus; Fabio Levi; Jolanta Lissowska; Daniele Luce; Tatiana V Macfarlane; Dana Mates; Elena Matos; Michael McClean; Ana M Menezes; Gwenn Menvielle; Franco Merletti; Hal Morgenstern; Kirsten Moysich; Heiko Müller; Joshua Muscat; Andrew F Olshan; Mark P Purdue; Heribert Ramroth; Lorenzo Richiardi; Peter Rudnai; Stimson Schantz; Stephen M Schwartz; Oxana Shangina; Lorenzo Simonato; Elaine Smith; Isabelle Stucker; Erich M Sturgis; Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska; Renato Talamini; Peter Thomson; Thomas L Vaughan; Qingyi Wei; Deborah M Winn; Victor Wunsch-Filho; Guo-Pei Yu; Zuo-Feng Zhang; Tongzhang Zheng; Ariana Znaor; Paolo Boffetta; Shu-Chun Chuang; Marianoosh Ghodrat; Yuan-Chin Amy Lee; Mia Hashibe; Paul Brennan Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2014-08-23 Impact factor: 7.396