UNLABELLED: Transcranial Doppler systems have not been available for monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in neonates because of potential hazardous effects of energy output from standard instruments developed for adult application. Aim of the study was to test commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments for their applicability in neonates and to develop guidelines for adaptation for safe neonatal use. Energy output of five commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments was measured with a hydrophone system and a radiation force balance. At the highest setting and at the nominal 10% attenuation level, five out of five and two out of five instruments, respectively, had an energy output above the recommended limits. Power reduction was not linear in one instrument. Evaluation of safety devices (alarm, freeze mode, energy reduction facilities, display of energy values) showed that none of the tested instruments had an optimal setting for safe neonatal application. CONCLUSION: Commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments should be evaluated critically for their energy output prior to their application in neonates. Special software for neonatal application of transcranial Doppler systems should be developed in order to provide extremely low energy output levels and devices for indication of duration of Doppler insonation and energy output.
UNLABELLED: Transcranial Doppler systems have not been available for monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in neonates because of potential hazardous effects of energy output from standard instruments developed for adult application. Aim of the study was to test commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments for their applicability in neonates and to develop guidelines for adaptation for safe neonatal use. Energy output of five commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments was measured with a hydrophone system and a radiation force balance. At the highest setting and at the nominal 10% attenuation level, five out of five and two out of five instruments, respectively, had an energy output above the recommended limits. Power reduction was not linear in one instrument. Evaluation of safety devices (alarm, freeze mode, energy reduction facilities, display of energy values) showed that none of the tested instruments had an optimal setting for safe neonatal application. CONCLUSION: Commercially available transcranial Doppler instruments should be evaluated critically for their energy output prior to their application in neonates. Special software for neonatal application of transcranial Doppler systems should be developed in order to provide extremely low energy output levels and devices for indication of duration of Doppler insonation and energy output.