Peripheral cuing of covert spatial attention before and after emotional conditioning of the cue.

Spatial cuing of attentional shifts were investigated before and after the visual cue had acquired emotional significance through a classical conditioning procedure. The study consisted of three phases; an attention preconditioning phase, the conditioning phase and an attention postconditioning (extinction) phase. In the attention phases, subjects participated in a trial-by-trial cuing task, in which the location of the target was validly or invalidly cued by either a frame-lit or a completely lit rectangle. During conditioning half the subjects (Conditioning group) had a 90 dB white noise unconditioned stimulus (UCS) presented together with one of the two attentional cues. This cue was, thus, turned into a conditioned stimulus (CS+), while the other cue became a CS-. The Control group received the noise uncontingent upon presentations of these stimuli. The Conditioning group showed greater skin conductance responses (SCRs) to the CS+ compared to the CS-, reflecting that a conditioned response was established. When the CS+ served as attentional cue, there was no difference in RTs between validly and invalidly cued targets, while responses to invalidly cued targets were delayed on all other trials. This suggests that the CS+ reduced the cognitive cost of shifting attention from the cued to the uncued location.