N400-like potentials elicited by faces and knowledge inhibition.

Within the theoretical framework of reference, the brain errs in processing complex stimuli, such as faces. Thus, these stimuli not only activate accurate representations but also inaccurate representations corresponding to known persons who resemble the face stimulus, and hence knowledge about these known persons. Since more errors are made in processing unfamiliar than familiar stimuli, these inaccurate activations are assumed to be more frequent, and/or more intense, with unknown than with known faces. Moreover, top-down mechanisms favor representations of stimuli that are congruent with the context, and representations of known persons, even if inaccurate, receive an additional amount of activation in contexts wherein known faces are expected. Inaccurate representations have to be inhibited to achieve accurate recognition. Thus, more inhibition would be required for unknown than for known faces, and in contexts wherein known faces are expected. The aim of the present work is to study the hypothesis that the N400 component of the event-related potentials (ERPs) reflects the inhibition of knowledge, and to see whether this hypothesis accounts for the N400-like potential elicited by faces. To achieve that goal, ERPs to known and unknown faces were recorded while the richness in known faces of each experimental block, and thus the expectancy for known faces, was manipulated. Consistent with the hypothesis, the amplitudes of the N400-like components were greater in conditions where more inhibition was required, i.e. for unknown rather than for known faces, and in the context of the block rich in known faces. This context effect was larger for unknown than for faces, and in the context of the block rich in known faces. This context effect was larger for unknown than for known faces.