Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in children and adolescents.

Seizures have a variety of aetiologies and may have various manifestations. Some are recurrent and represent the different types of epilepsy, whereas others are isolated events. Descriptions of various epileptic seizures, as well as their corresponding electroencephalograms (EEGs), have recently led to a unifying international classification of epileptic seizures and epilepsy syndromes. These classifications are extremely important for the practitioner working with the paediatric patient, as they allow for optimal evaluation and treatment. This article reviews the epilepsies and epilepsy syndromes with special attention to age of onset and prognosis. Special circumstances such as status epilepticus, which represents a true medical emergency, are reviewed. The first step in the pharmacological management of seizures is to establish the diagnosis of epilepsy. The recurrence of seizures (or the risk), seizure type and specific syndrome help guide initial treatment choices. There is no drug of choice, but some drugs have proven more effective for certain types of seizure. Monotherapy is preferable, and combination therapy should only be used if monotherapy with first-line drugs fails. Candidates for the newer antiepileptic drugs (e.g. felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine and vigabatrin) include patients resistant to older agents or who are unable to tolerate them. The exact place in therapy of these newer agents is uncertain, but in many patients they provide better seizure control and are better tolerated.