State-dependent changes of extracellular glutamate in the medial preoptic area in freely behaving rats.

Microdialysis technique was applied to the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus, a crucial site for the regulation of sleep, in order to analyze the interrelationship between the extracellular level of glutamate (Glu) and the vigilance states. Dialysates from the mPOA were sampled at 5-min intervals for 2-h diurnal period with a perfusion rate of 2.0 microliters/min in freely moving rats, whose sleep-waking behaviors were polysomnographically monitored. Extracellular Glu increased during wakefulness, exhibiting a peak at the transition period from wakefulness to non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) (18.0% above the average), whereas it decreased during NREMS (9.2% below the average). It is likely that Glu in the mPOA is dynamically involved in the alterations of the vigilance states.