Immunopharmacologic therapy in renal transplantation.

The long-term kidney allograft survival rate is still far from optimum. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs used to prevent allograft rejection are associated with significant side effects. Moreover, withdrawal of these agents is often associated with graft loss due to rejection. No treatment is available for chronic rejection. Graft tolerance is difficult to achieve in humans, and therefore a continued goal in organ transplantation is to develop immunosuppressive regimens that are associated with fewer side effects and decreased rates of rejection, and that promote graft tolerance. The advent of newer pharmacologic agents and bioreagents is expected to improve patient and graft survival rates.