Two-generation reproduction study of sulfur mustard in rats.

Comprehensive data are not available to evaluate the potential risk to reproduction from exposure to sulfur mustard (HD), [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide]; thus, the reproductive effects of HD were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups, of rats (27 females and 20 males/group/generation) were gavaged with 0, 0.03, 0.1, or 0.4 mg/kg HD 5 d/week for 13 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation, parturition, and lactation in a 42-week, 2-generation study. Growth of adult F1 rats of both sexes was reduced by the 0.4 mg/kg exposure. There were no significant effects on reproductive function or pregnancy outcome in either generation, except for an altered sex ratio in the 0.4 mg/kg group. Although not different at birth, growth of the 0.4 mg/kg F1 and F2 offspring was depressed during lactation. A dose-related lesion of the squamous epithelium of the forestomach was observed in adults of both sexes and both the F1 and F2 generation. For a given treatment, the incidence was approximately the same for each sex at each generation. When animals were pooled by sex and generation, approximately 70% (66 out of 94) of the low dose group had only mild microscopic lesions, 72% (68 out of 94) of the intermediate dose group had moderate lesions, and 81% (76 out of 94) of the high group had marked lesions. The lesion, acanthosis, was characterized by thickening of the squamous musoca with varying degrees of hyperkeratosis. Benign neoplasms of the forestomach were found in about 10% of the intermediate and high dose groups in both F0 and F1 generations. Based on these results, the No-Observable-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) is 0.1 mg/kg/d.