Subjective judgments of deception in pain expression: accuracy and errors.

Accuracy and errors in judges' attempts to differentiate facial expressions that displayed genuine pain, no pain or were dissimulated (i.e., masked and exaggerated) were examined. Judges were informed that misrepresentations in the facial expressions were present and were asked to rate their confidence in classifying these expressions. Detailed, objective coding of the patients' facial reactions (e.g., brow lowering, mouth opening) were related to judges' decisions. Judges' classification decisions were better than chance, but there were many errors. Extreme expressions (i.e., no pain, and exaggerated expressions) were identified more accurately than genuine and masked expressions. Judges level of confidence was consistent with their level of accuracy. Judges consistently used rules of thumb based on specific facial cues when making judgments. Certain cues were effectively discriminative. Systematic training in the use of specific cues or the use of articulated decision rules may be helpful in improving judges' accuracy.