OBJECTIVE: To describe demographic and clinical features of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in children with varicella in Southern California in early 1994. METHODS: From hospitals of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, children with invasive GAS infections after varicella between January 1 and April 8, 1994, were identified by hospital infection control nurses. Medical records of patients were reviewed, and any available GAS isolate was further tested. RESULTS: Twenty-four cases were identified; 54% were male, 50% were Hispanic and the median age was 3 years (range, 0.5 to 8). Four cases died before hospitalization. The other 20 were hospitalized for a median of 10 days (range, 4 to 50): 14 presented with cellulitis (1 with concomitant epiglottitis), 2 with myositis/necrotizing fasciitis, 2 with pneumonia and 2 with bacteremia without apparent source. Five had evidence of multiorgan involvement including two patients fulfilling criteria of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Of 19 patients with blood cultures, 10 (53%) had GAS bacteremia. Onset of GAS infection was suggested, as a median, on Day 4 of varicella, with fever, vomiting and localized swelling being commonly reported. The mean maximum temperature on the day of admission was 39.4 degrees C (102.9 degrees F). Four GAS isolates were M1T1 and one was M3T3. Five isolates produced streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive GAS disease, including streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, is a serious complication of varicella. Physicians should be alert for the complication of GAS when fever and localized swelling or signs of cellulitis develop 3 days or more after the onset of varicella. Widespread use of varicella vaccine may decrease invasive GAS infections in this setting.
OBJECTIVE: To describe demographic and clinical features of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in children with varicella in Southern California in early 1994. METHODS: From hospitals of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, children with invasive GAS infections after varicella between January 1 and April 8, 1994, were identified by hospital infection control nurses. Medical records of patients were reviewed, and any available GAS isolate was further tested. RESULTS: Twenty-four cases were identified; 54% were male, 50% were Hispanic and the median age was 3 years (range, 0.5 to 8). Four cases died before hospitalization. The other 20 were hospitalized for a median of 10 days (range, 4 to 50): 14 presented with cellulitis (1 with concomitant epiglottitis), 2 with myositis/necrotizing fasciitis, 2 with pneumonia and 2 with bacteremia without apparent source. Five had evidence of multiorgan involvement including two patients fulfilling criteria of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Of 19 patients with blood cultures, 10 (53%) had GAS bacteremia. Onset of GAS infection was suggested, as a median, on Day 4 of varicella, with fever, vomiting and localized swelling being commonly reported. The mean maximum temperature on the day of admission was 39.4 degrees C (102.9 degrees F). Four GAS isolates were M1T1 and one was M3T3. Five isolates produced streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and B. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive GAS disease, including streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, is a serious complication of varicella. Physicians should be alert for the complication of GAS when fever and localized swelling or signs of cellulitis develop 3 days or more after the onset of varicella. Widespread use of varicella vaccine may decrease invasive GAS infections in this setting.
Authors: Kevin M Bakker; Micaela Elvira Martinez-Bakker; Barbara Helm; Tyler J Stevenson Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2016-05-31 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Adam R Spaulding; Wilmara Salgado-Pabón; Petra L Kohler; Alexander R Horswill; Donald Y M Leung; Patrick M Schlievert Journal: Clin Microbiol Rev Date: 2013-07 Impact factor: 26.132