Neuronal circuitry controlling the near response.

Experiments in primates have contributed greatly to our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in the eye movements required to view objects at different distances. Early work focused on the circuitry for generating horizontal vergence eye movements alone. However, vergence eye movements are associated with lens accommodation and are usually accompanied by saccadic eye movements, so more recent work has been directed at understanding the interactions between vergence and accommodation, and between vergence and saccades. A new model explains the neural basis for interactions between vergence and accommodation by a neural network in which pre-motor elements are shared by these two systems. The effects of saccades on vergence eye movements appear to be the result of shared pre-motor circuits as well. Current evidence suggests that pontine omnipause neurons, known to be crucial for the generation of saccades, play an important role in the vergence pre-motor circuitry.