Phorbol ester and calcium ionophore can replace TCR signals that induce positive selection of CD4 T cells.

Positive selection of immature thymocytes is a developmental process in which TCR ligation by low avidity interaction induces the generation of mature T cells. However, biochemical signals that can induce positive selection have been unclear. By using TCR-alpha beta- mutant thymus cultures, the present study shows that direct stimulation of intracellular signals by PMA and calcium ionophore ionomycin can induce the generation of mature CD4+8- T cells, bypassing TCR-induced positive selection signals. Interestingly, the concentrations of phorbol ester that induced positive selection were more restricted than those that induced mature T cell activation. Moreover, the combination of phorbol ester and ionomycin restored the generation of CD4+8- T cells in class II MHC- thymus cultures, but did not induce the generation of CD4-8+ T cells in class I MHC- thymus cultures. These results identify that the combination of protein kinase C activation and calcium elevation is the biochemical signal that can induce positive selection of CD4+ T cells.