Defective integrin alpha 6 beta 4 expression in the skin of patients with junctional epidermolysis bullosa and pyloric atresia.

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a heterogeneous group of rare inherited skin disorders in which defects in cell adhesion components cause incomplete formation of hemidesmosomes. We have immunohistochemically examined the skin from ten JEB patients (JEB gravis, n = 4; JEB mitis, n = 3; JEB plus pyloric atresia [JEB/PA], n = 3) using monoclonal antibodies specific for the integrin adhesion receptors alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4, and for the alpha 3, beta 3, and gamma 2 subunits of the basement membrane ligand, laminin 5. Consistent with our previous reports, only the JEB gravis patients without associated pyloric atresia expressed reduced or absent epitopes for laminin-5 subunits in their epidermal basement membrane. In contrast, all three JEB/PA cases showed abnormalities in integrin alpha 6 beta 4, but not in laminin 5, expression in their basal epidermal cells. Integrin beta 4 subunit was undetectable in the biopsied epidermis of these JEB/PA individuals using five different monoclonal antibodies that recognize both intra- and extracellular epitopes. The absence of the beta 4 subunit in the epidermis of JEB/PA specimens was confirmed by Western blot analysis of tissue extracts. Epidermal expression of the integrin alpha 6 subunit was variable in the JEB/PA patients. Abnormal integrin alpha 6 beta 4 expression may define the subset of JEB cases with pyloric atresia. These results strongly implicate a functional role for alpha 6 beta 4 in the formation of complete hemidesmosomes and in stable adhesion of basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane in vivo.