Validity of mother's history regarding antimalarial drug use in Malawian children under five years old.

History obtained from parents and carers is an important, and often the only, source of information for health workers treating children for malaria, but its validity has not been well evaluated. At 2 hospitals in Malawi, we obtained malaria treatment histories from mothers of 973 ill children reported to have had fever as part of the illness. Urine samples were collected from 755 of the 973 children (78%). Of the 755, 457 (61%) were reported to have received some kind of treatment. Among those who reportedly received treatment, 79 (17%) were said to have received chloroquine and 23 (5%) a sulphonamide-containing medicine; however, when urine specimens were tested for antimalarial drugs, chloroquine was found in 182 specimens (40%) and a sulphonamide in 148 (32%). Among urine specimens collected from 291 children who were reported to have received no treatment (no report was recorded for 7 children), chloroquine was detected in 56 (19%) and a sulphonamide in 44 (15%). Although not statistically significant, mothers often reported a child as not having received an antimalarial drug if the child was younger than 12 months or had been sick for more than 3 d. The mothers' information regarding home treatment of fever in children was highly inaccurate. Malaria treatment histories, whether collected at health facilities or in surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices, must be interpreted with caution.