Exploration and predation models of anxiety: evidence from laboratory and wild species.

The current article addresses several issues within the context of issues within the context of modeling human anxiety disorders in the laboratory. First, evidence is presented to support the suggestion that behavior in exploration models of anxiety may be motivated by apprehension relating to intraspecific encounters rather than interspecific, predator/prey interactions, which has consequences for the interpretation of findings generated using these tests. Second, data are reviewed concerning the use of stimuli indicating the presence of a predator in the context of anxiety modeling, and it is suggested that tests involving the reactions of animals following exposure to such stimuli may be more closely related to pathologic anxiety mechanisms than tests employing observations during contact with these stimuli. Third, comparative studies, using wild-caught rodents, are outlined that show that, although there are similarities in the defensive strategies adopted by these animals in response to the call of an owl, there are also important differences. Finally, the suggestion is made that the distance-dependent-defense-hierarchy may be of important heuristic value in the interpretation of these data and that, perhaps more significantly, it may also provide a mechanism that allows animal defensive strategies and human anxiety disorders to be placed within the same conceptual framework.