Immunologic responses following respiratory sensitization to house dust mite allergens in mice.

Allergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are a major cause of human respiratory diseases, including asthma. In order to help in understanding the early events in allergen sensitization, a murine model of allergic respiratory disease was developed. Mice were immunized by intranasal inoculation of Der p 1 or Der p 2 on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 and 29. T cell reactivity was determined using in vitro assays of allergen-specific cytokine production by cells from the spleen, the draining superficial cervical lymph nodes (SCLN) and the non-draining brachial and inguinal nodes. The cytokines assayed in supernatants were IL-4, as a measure of Th2 activation, IL-2 as a measure of Th 1 activation, and IL-3/GM-CSF as an overall marker of T cell stimulation. There was evidence of local and systemic T cell activation by day 7, with the release of IL-2 and of IL-3/GM-CSF by SCLN and spleen cells, respectively. IL-4 production by SCLN and spleen cells was not evident until day 21. T cell sensitization in non-draining node groups was not detected. Intradermal skin tests were performed at the above specified times and positive wheal responses indicated that specific IgE was present from day 3. The above data suggest that respiratory immunization to allergen is rapid and is associated with early systemic sensitization. In this model both Th1 and Th2 responses were evident, with the Th1 response occurring early and the Th2 following after repeated immunizations.