Nurses' use of nonpharmacologic techniques with hospitalized children.

Pediatric nurses are often present with children who are in discomfort or pain, and are essential to successful management of this pain. Selected nonpharmacologic techniques are effective in reducing children's discomfort and pain, and thus have value in nursing practice. In a descriptive, exploratory study, 54 pediatric nurses responded to a questionnaire that elicited self-report of their use of five nonpharmacologic techniques: distraction, focusing on breathing, focusing on relaxing, imagery, and changing perceptions of painful stimuli. Content analysis indicated that (a) nurses' lack of time and heavy workload impede their use of nonpharmacologic techniques; (b) nurses' most frequent use of nonpharmacologic techniques is with children undergoing painful procedures; and (c) nurses perceive parents as helpful in implementing nonpharmacologic techniques with children. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research are discussed.