Importance of the structure of the RGD-containing loop in the disintegrins echistatin and eristostatin for recognition of alpha IIb beta 3 and alpha v beta 3 integrins.

Echistatin and eristostatin are structurally homologous distintegrins which exhibit significant functional differences in interaction with various integrins. We hypothesized that this may reflect differences in the sequences of their RGD loops: 20CKRARGDDMDDYC32 AND 23CRVARGDWNDDYC35, respectively. Mapping of eristostatin peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion suggested that it has the same alignment of S-S bridges as echistatin. Synthetic echistatin D27W resembled eristostatin since it had increased platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, increased potency to block fibrinogen binding to alpha IIb beta 3, and decreased potency to block vitronectin binding to alpha v beta 3 as compared to wild-type echistatin. Since eristostatin and echistatin have a similar pattern of disulfide bridges, we constructed molecular models of eristostatin based on echistatin NMR coordinates. The RGD loops of eristostatin and echistatin D27W were wider than echistatin's due to the placement of tryptophan (rather than aspartic acid) immediately after the RGD sequence. We propose a hypothesis that the width and shape of the RGD loop are important ligand structural features that affect fitting of ligand to the binding pocket of alpha IIb beta 3 and alpha v beta 3.