The influence of depressive symptomatology on episodic memory functioning among clinically nondepressed older adults.

The authors examined a community-based sample of 303 clinically nondepressed individuals aged 75 through 96 years on 4 recall tasks: free recall of rapidly presented random words, free recall of slowly presented random words, free recall of organizable words, and cued recall of organizable words. Using a classification taxonomy that identified mood- and motivation-related symptoms of depression, it was found that motivation-related symptoms had a negative effect on performance across all tasks, whereas mood-related symptoms had no effects. In addition, motivation-related symptoms negatively influenced the ability to benefit from more study time but had no effect on the ability to make use of item organization or category cues. An analysis of the specific motivation-related symptoms suggested that symptoms that may affect the ability to focus and sustain attention (e.g., concentration difficulties, lack of interest) were most strongly associated with performance deficits.