Metallothionein research in terrestrial invertebrates: synopsis and perspectives.

While most of metallothionein research during the past years has been carried out on mammals or vertebrates, only relatively few studies have been directed towards invertebrates. Even fewer investigations have focussed on terrestrial invertebrates. The best studied metallothioneins and/or metallothionein genes among terrestrial invertebrates are those from an insect species (Drosophila melanogaster), a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) and some terrestrial gastropods (Helix pomatia, Arianta arbustorum). From these few examples it already appears that terrestrial invertebrate metallothioneins provide intriguing models to better understand the multiplicity of functions of these proteins and their evolution within the animal kingdom. Like in mammals, metallothioneins in terrestrial invertebrates seem to perform different functions simultaneously. This is exemplified by terrestrial gastropods, which are able to accumulate different metals in different tissues, in which metal-specific metallothionein isoforms or conformation forms are expressed, allowing these organisms to detoxify more efficiently nonessential trace elements such as cadmium, and at the same time to maintain the homeostasis of essential trace elements such as copper. A major proportion of metallothionein research in terrestrial invertebrates addresses the ecophysiological and ecotoxicological significance of these proteins with regard to the increasing risk due to chemical pollution. One promising aspect in this concern is the potential utilization of metallothioneins as biomarkers for risk assessment in terrestrial environments.