Organization and control of microtubule pattern in centrohelidan heliozoa.

Comparative studies of axopodial microtubule pattern in 10 different centrohelidan Heliozoa belonging to the genera Acanthocystis, Raphidiophrys and Heterophrys suggest that 2 basic principles govern pattern formation in centrohelidan Heliozoa. While the larger "open" arrays with unspecified number of microtubules, e.g. in A. aculeata and R. ambigua, may result from self-linkage of additional microtubules around centroplast-nucleated "starter microtubules," the smaller "closed" arrays with specified microtubule number, e.g. in A. pectinata and H. marina, favor a template-driven linkage mechanism. The centroplast is a highly complex microtubule organizing center involved in the control of orientation, number, and diameter of the axonemes. Its shell may serve as a surface upon which the microtubule nucleating sites assemble, but how the precise positioning of these sites occurs is still open to debate. Some of the unsolved problems of microtubule pattern formation may be explained by the "linker nucleation hypothesis" which is an extension of the "gradion hypothesis" by Roth et al. It is shown how both the formation of closed arrays and the balanced lateral growth of open arrays may result from linker-induced microtubule nucleation.