The sinus elevation procedure in endosseous implant therapy.

Since the initial application of sinus lift augmentation and implant placement in the mid-1970s, there have been some variations in technique used and graft material applied. Although most authors continue to use the lateral wall, Caldwell-Luc approach, less invasive procedures such as the osteotome procedure for sinus elevation, graft, and implant placement have been proposed. Many authors use iliac crest bone that is of both a cancellous and cortical nature. However, due to the high morbidity rate of this procedure, other donor sources are explored in this review. Good success rates are shown with intraoral bone and combinations of intraoral bone with both resorbable and nonresorbable materials. Varying results are reported with demineralized freeze-dried bone, although its use in combination with hydroxyapatite seems to improve its effectiveness. All reports of clinical success are relatively short term (6 years to 6 months). Medication recommendations and posttreatment prosthetic care are covered.