Thermodynamic determination of the Na+: glucose coupling ratio for the human SGLT1 cotransporter.

Phlorizin-sensitive currents mediated by a Na-glucose cotransporter were measured using intact or internally perfused Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human SGLT1 cDNA. Using a two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique, measured reversal potentials (Vr) at high external alpha-methylglucose (alpha MG) concentrations were linearly related to In[alpha MG]o, and the observed slope of 26.1 +/- 0.8 mV/decade indicated a coupling ratio of 2.25 +/- 0.07 Na ions per alpha MG molecule. As [alpha MG]o decreased below 0.1 mM, Vr was no longer a linear function of In[alpha MG]o, in accordance with the suggested capacity of SGLT1 to carry Na in the absence of sugar (the "Na leak"). A generalized kinetic model for SGLT1 transport introduces a new parameter, Kc, which corresponds to the [alpha MG]o at which the Na leak is equal in magnitude to the coupled Na-alpha MG flux. Using this kinetic model, the curve of Vr as a function of In[alpha MG]o could be fitted over the entire range of [alpha MG]o if Kc is adjusted to 40 +/- 12 microM. Experiments using internally perfused oocytes revealed a number of previously unknown facets of SGLT1 transport. In the bilateral absence of alpha MG, the phlorizin-sensitive Na leak demonstrated a strong inward rectification. The affinity of alpha MG for its internal site was low; the Km was estimated to be between 25 and 50 mM, an order of magnitude higher than that found for the extracellular site. Furthermore, Vr determinations at varying alpha MG concentrations indicate a transport stoichiometry of 2 Na ions per alpha MG molecule: the slope of Vr versus In[alpha MG]o averaged 30.0 +/- 0.7 mV/decade (corresponding to a stoichiometry of 1.96 +/- 0.04 Na ions per alpha MG molecule) whenever [alpha MG]o was higher than 0.1 mM. These direct observations firmly establish that Na ions can utilize the SGLT1 protein to cross the membrane either alone or in a coupled manner with a stoichiometry of 2 Na ions per sugar, molecule.