The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines: structural analysis and expression in the brain.

The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) is expressed in human erythrocytes and on endothelial cells lining postcapillary venules in kidney and spleen. DARC is a promiscuous chemokine receptor and a binding protein for the malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax. The expression of DARC by subsets of endothelial cells and neurons in discrete anatomic sites in the brain suggests that this enigmatic receptor may have multiple roles in normal and pathological physiology. Conservation of this promiscuous chemokine binding function is evident from the similarity in nucleotide sequence of DARC homologues from multiple species, as well as the high-affinity binding of human chemokines to murine and avian erythrocytes. Analysis of the functional domains of DARC using chimeric receptors and and monoclonal antibodies to multiple extracellular domains localized chemokine binding to structures in the amino terminal extracellular domain (E1). Scatchard analysis demonstrated that a chimeric DARC receptor, composed of the E1 domain of DARC and the predicted hydrophobic helices and loops of interleukin-8RB (IL-8RB), bound IL-8, and MGSA with KD values almost identical to the wild type receptors and bound a repertoire of C-X-C and C-C chemokines characteristic of DARC. Although numerous reports have demonstrated that chemokines such as IL-8 are expressed in the brain, presumably by glial cells, little insight into the nature of their role in normal or pathological physiology in the nervous system has developed because the target cells that express the corresponding receptors have not yet been identified. Northern blotting experiments suggest that mRNA encoding DARC are expressed in the central nervous system, however, interpretation of this is unclear because of the ubiquitous expression of DARC lining postcapillary venules. This study provides direct evidence to localize expression of DARC in the central nervous system. Immunohistochemical examination of human archival sections of the brain with monoclonal antibodies specific for DARC localize expression of DARC to cell bodies and processes of Purkinjie cells in the cerebellum. The immunohistochemical findings were supported by analysis of chemokine binding and radioligand crosslinking with membranes made from various brain fractions. The hierarchical expression of DARC in neurons in the cerebellum suggest that chemokines may play an important role in the modulation of neuronal activity by glial cells.