Extracellular transport of VirG protein in Shigella.

The ability of Shigella to spread within and between epithelial cells is a prerequisite for causing bacillary dysentery and requires the function encoded by the virG gene on the large plasmid. The outer membrane VirG (IcsA) protein is essential for bacterial spreading by eliciting polar deposition of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Recent studies have indicated that an N-terminal 80-kDa VirG portion is exposed on the bacterial cell surface and released into the external medium, while the following 37-kDa C-terminal portion is embedded in the outer membrane, although little is known about the extracellular transport of the VirG protein. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the export pathway of VirG protein across the outer membrane and found that the C-terminal 37-kDa portion, termed VirG beta-core, serves as the self-transporter for the secretion of the preceding 80-kDa portion from the periplasmic side of the outer membrane to the external side. Indeed, foreign polypeptides such as MalE or PhoA covalently linked to the N terminus of VirG beta-core were transported to the external side of the outer membrane, and it was further shown that the folding structure of the passenger polypeptide at the periplasmic side of the outer membrane interferes with its translocation. Analysis of the secondary structure of VirG beta-core predicted that the critical structural property was a beta-barrel channel consisting of amphipathic anti-parallel transmembrane beta-strands, interspersed by hairpin turns and loops. These results thus strongly suggest that the secretion of VirG protein from Shigella is similar to the export system utilized by the IgA protease of Neisseria.