Gap junctions in the vertebrate retina.

The vertebrate retina is a highly laminated assemblage of specialized neuronal types, many of which are coupled by gap junctions. With one interesting exception, gap junctions are not directly responsible for the 'vertical' transmission of visual information from photoreceptors through bipolar and ganglion cells to the brain. Instead, they mediate 'lateral' connections, coupling neurons of a single type or subtype into an extended, regular array or mosaic in the plane of the retina. Such mosaics have been studied by several microscopic techniques, but new evidence for their coupled nature has recently been obtained by intracellular injection of biotinylated tracers, which can pass through gap junctional assemblies that do not pass Lucifer Yellow. This evidence adds momentum to an existing paradigm shift towards a population-based view of the retina, which can now be envisaged both as an array of semi-autonomous vertical processing modules, each extending right through the retina, and as a multi-layered stack of interacting planar mosaics, bearing some resemblance to a set of interleaved neural networks. Junctional conductance across mosaics of horizontal cells is known to be controlled dynamically with a circadian rhythm, and other dynamically-regulated conductance changes are also likely to make important contributions to signal processing. The retina is an excellent system in which to study such changes because many aspects of its structure and function are already well understood. In this review, we summarize the microscopic appearance, coupling properties and functions of gap junctions for each cell type of the neural retina, the regulatory properties that could be provided by selective expression of different connexin proteins, and the evidence for gap junctional coupling in retina development.