BACKGROUND: Both accidental and perioperative hypothermia are common in the elderly. The elderly are at risk because their responses to hypothermia may be delayed or less efficient than in those of younger subjects. For example, the vasoconstriction threshold during isoflurane anesthesia is approximately 1 degree C less in elderly than younger patients. However, the extent to which other cold defenses are impaired in the elderly remains unclear, especially in those older than 80 yr. Operations suitable for spinal anesthesia provided an opportunity to quantify shivering thresholds in patients of varying ages. Accordingly, the hypothesis that the shivering threshold is reduced as a function of age during spinal anesthesia was tested. METHODS: Twenty-eight ASA Physical Status 1-3 patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic procedures were studied. Spinal anesthesia was induced without preanesthetic medication, using bupivacaine sufficient to produce a dermatomal level near T9. Electrocardiogram signals were recorded at 10-min intervals. Subsequently, an observer masked to patient age and core temperature identified the onset of sustained electromyographic artifact consistent with shivering. The tympanic membrane temperature triggering shivering identified the threshold. RESULTS: Three patients did not shiver at minimum core temperatures exceeding 36.2 degrees C. Fifteen patients aged < 80 yr (58 +/- 10 yr) shivered at 36.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C; in contrast, ten patients aged > or = 80 yr (89 +/- 7 yr) shivered at a significantly lower mean temperature, 35.2 +/- 0.7 degrees C (P = 0.002). The shivering thresholds in seven of the ten patients older than 80 yr was less than 35.5 degrees C, whereas the threshold equaled or exceeded this value in all younger patients (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Age-dependent inhibition of autonomic thermoregulatory control in the elderly might be expected to result in hypothermia. That it usually does not suggests that behavioral regulation (e.g., increasing ambient temperature, dressing warmly) compensates for impaired autonomic control. Elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, however, may be especially at risk of hypothermia because low core temperatures may not trigger protective autonomic responses. Furthermore, hypothermia in the elderly given regional anesthesia may not be perceived by the patient (who typically feels less cold after induction of the block), or by the anesthesiologist (who does not observe shivering). Consequently, temperature monitoring and management usually is indicated in these patients.
BACKGROUND: Both accidental and perioperative hypothermia are common in the elderly. The elderly are at risk because their responses to hypothermia may be delayed or less efficient than in those of younger subjects. For example, the vasoconstriction threshold during isoflurane anesthesia is approximately 1 degree C less in elderly than younger patients. However, the extent to which other cold defenses are impaired in the elderly remains unclear, especially in those older than 80 yr. Operations suitable for spinal anesthesia provided an opportunity to quantify shivering thresholds in patients of varying ages. Accordingly, the hypothesis that the shivering threshold is reduced as a function of age during spinal anesthesia was tested. METHODS: Twenty-eight ASA Physical Status 1-3 patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic procedures were studied. Spinal anesthesia was induced without preanesthetic medication, using bupivacaine sufficient to produce a dermatomal level near T9. Electrocardiogram signals were recorded at 10-min intervals. Subsequently, an observer masked to patient age and core temperature identified the onset of sustained electromyographic artifact consistent with shivering. The tympanic membrane temperature triggering shivering identified the threshold. RESULTS: Three patients did not shiver at minimum core temperatures exceeding 36.2 degrees C. Fifteen patients aged < 80 yr (58 +/- 10 yr) shivered at 36.1 +/- 0.6 degrees C; in contrast, ten patients aged > or = 80 yr (89 +/- 7 yr) shivered at a significantly lower mean temperature, 35.2 +/- 0.7 degrees C (P = 0.002). The shivering thresholds in seven of the ten patients older than 80 yr was less than 35.5 degrees C, whereas the threshold equaled or exceeded this value in all younger patients (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Age-dependent inhibition of autonomic thermoregulatory control in the elderly might be expected to result in hypothermia. That it usually does not suggests that behavioral regulation (e.g., increasing ambient temperature, dressing warmly) compensates for impaired autonomic control. Elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, however, may be especially at risk of hypothermia because low core temperatures may not trigger protective autonomic responses. Furthermore, hypothermia in the elderly given regional anesthesia may not be perceived by the patient (who typically feels less cold after induction of the block), or by the anesthesiologist (who does not observe shivering). Consequently, temperature monitoring and management usually is indicated in these patients.
Authors: Patrick Lyden; Karin Ernstrom; Salvador Cruz-Flores; Joao Gomes; James Grotta; Anthony Mullin; Karen Rapp; Rema Raman; Christine Wijman; Thomas Hemmen Journal: Neurocrit Care Date: 2012-06 Impact factor: 3.210