Effects of flicker adaptation and temporal gain control on the flicker ERG.

The flicker electroretinogram (ERG) to stimuli varying in temporal frequency and modulation depth was recorded to investigate retinal gain control. With increasing modulation of a sinusoidal flickering stimulus, the flicker ERG shows an amplitude compression and a phase retardation (of the fundamental component) at 16 Hz, an amplitude expansion and a phase advance around 40-48 Hz, and an approximately linear response at 72 Hz. With sum-of-two-sinusoids stimuli, the second stimulus enhances the fundamental response to a 40 or 48 Hz test stimulus at low modulations, and reduces the variation in phase with modulation. This interaction depends primarily on the amplitude of the response to the second stimulus, but not its frequency. With temporally alternating stimuli, a similar but smaller interaction effect is measured. The results suggest that there is an active nonlinear gain control mechanism in the outer retina and this gain control works by adjusting the phase delay of the retinal response. The phase control mechanism is set by the amplitude of the outer retinal response integrated over time.