Endoscopic management of benign airway stenosis.

Endoscopic management of benign airway stenosis is successful in the majority of patients if patients are selected properly. Predictive anatomic features have been identified that aid patient selection. Moreover, mucosal sparing techniques should be used at all times. Given its clinical effectiveness and low complication rate, endoscopic management should remain the first option for subglottic and tracheal stenosis. Endoscopic management does not preclude the use of open surgical procedures if necessary. Future studies should be directed toward refining and optimizing the endoscopic operative technique.