Developmental consequences of early eye contact behaviour.

Through early interactional exchange, infants acquire relevant information about themselves, their caretaking persons, and the relationship between themselves and their caretakers. Mutual eye contact is a highly adaptive behavioural system in this respect. There are, however, infants who avoid maternal eye contact and refuse their caretakers' attention. Gaze aversion of this kind is only reported to occur in the first months of life. It is interpreted as a first manifestation of a specific interaction. The present longitudinal study presents evidence for developmental consequences of early eye contact patterns. Infants who avert their gaze from their parents in the first months of life develop maladaptive relationships in terms of interactional harmony within 2 years, low degrees of psychobiological functioning, behavioural problems, and developmental delays for up to 6 years, and, at 2 years of age, explore new objects by means of manipulation for only short amounts of time. Infants with the expected good eye contact behaviour at that early age appear to have a more favourable development during the preschool years.