Monitor lyophilization with mass spectrometer gas analysis.

This paper presents a brief review of the basic issues of lyophilization and the fundamentals of quadrupole mass spectrometry. The emphasis of the paper is on the application of a quadrupole mass spectrometer as a process monitor. The details of sampling and data collection are discussed. Data taken while monitoring lyophilization is presented in conjunction with cycle optimization, end point detection and contaminant detection.