Relations of coping effort, coping strategies, perceived stress, and cigarette smoking among adolescents.

Coping strategies may influence adolescent smoking behaviour because they provide alternative behavioral and cognitive outlets which facilitate or inhibit smoking, or because they are expressions of general coping effort to smoke or not smoke. The present investigation examined three possibilities regarding how coping strategies versus coping effort compare as predictors of adolescent smoking: (1) general coping effort to not smoke may be a better predictor of adolescent smoking behaviors than are specific coping strategies; (2) coping strategies may be relatively better predictors of smoking behaviors; or (3) these two constructs may be relatively better predictors of different parameters of smoking behavior. Analytic strategies included calculation of a series of multiple regression models, involving (a) 11 coping strategies previously studied in adolescent smoking research, (b) a new simple measure of coping effort to not smoke, and (c) perceived stress, as concurrent predictors of four smoking-related items. Of the 11 coping strategies, partying, relaxation, seeking spiritual guidance, and getting revenge were related to at least one of the four cigarette smoking items. Only coping effort was directly related to recent smoking behavior, whereas only the coping strategies were related to cumulative smoking. Both types of items predicted refusal self-efficacy and intention to smoke in the future. Apparently, these two types of items show unique as well as common predictive variance. These results suggest that coping strategies are related to cumulative smoking for reasons other than motivation to not smoke.