Topography of glycosylation and UDP-xylose production.

In order to define the location and organization of the numerous reactions involved in polysaccharide assembly during synthesis of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, the topography of some of the glycosylation reactions in chondroitin sulfate synthesis was examined using a relatively new technique for generating permeable cells. Permeable chondrocytes were shown to directly take up nucleotide sugar precursors and incorporate them into chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), allowing specific labeling at each step in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Subcellular fractionation following labeling with UDP-[14C]xylose, UDP-[14C]galactose, UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid, or [35S]PAPS localized the labeled CSPG to the compartment where each glycosylation reaction occurred. From these experiments it appears that xylose addition begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and continues in the Golgi apparatus where galactose, glucuronic acid, and sulfate are added. This conclusion was confirmed by direct visualization of xylose incorporation using electron microscopic autoradiography (Vertel, B. M., Walters, L. M., Flay, N., Kearns, A. E., and Schwartz, N. B. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11105-11112). Further examination of xylose addition showed that permeable chondrocytes can utilize both exogenous UDP-xylose transported into the lumen and UDP-xylose generated from UDP-glucuronic acid within the lumen. The enzyme responsible for this reaction, UDP-glucuronate carboxy-lyase, co-localized with xylosyltransferase activity in subcellular fractions. Orientation toward the lumen in subcellular compartments was determined by trypsin sensitivity in the permeable chondrocytes. Therefore, we conclude that UDP-xylose can be produced in the lumen of the compartment where it is utilized in CSPG synthesis, obviating the need for a direct transport mechanism for this nucleotide sugar and providing close regulation of UDP-xylose and UDP-glucuronic acid levels.