Antiphospholipid syndrome.

The antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), namely, the lupus anticoagulant and the anticardiolipin antibodies, are a family of autoantibodies directed predominantly against negatively charged phospholipids. Many studies have confirmed that patients with these antibodies are prone to repeated episodes of thrombosis, fetal losses, and thrombocytopenia. The association of aPL with these clinical events has been termed the antiphospholipid syndrome. Several skin lesions have been found in patients with this syndrome, including livedo reticularis, livedoid vasculitis, thrombophlebitis, cutaneous infarctions and gangrene of digits, ulcerations, lesions resembling vasculitis (nodules, macules), cutaneous necrosis/infarctions, subungual splinter hemorrhages, and, less commonly, discoid lupus and Degos' disease (malignant atrophic papulosis). In this article, we review the main immunologic and clinical aspects of this syndrome with special emphasis on the dermatologic features.